Early hospital discharge through prediction of post-thyroidectomy hypoparathyroidism.

INTRODUCTION: Hypoparathyroidism is the most common postsurgical complication of total thyroidectomy. Furthermore, it is the main cause of prolonged hospitalisation after this procedure. OBJECTIVE: To predict the probability of post-thyroidectomy hypocalcaemia according to the levels of intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), as well as to determine the needs for treatment with exogenous calcium according to the levels of serum calcium (Ca). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective study was carried out on patients who underwent total thyroidectomy between January 2017 and January 2020 at Los Arcos del Mar Menor University Hospital (HULAMM). iPTH and Ca levels ​​were measured at 4, 24 and 48 h after the surgery. Follow-up was 6 months. RESULTS: Ninety-four patients were operated on. Temporary and permanent postoperative hypoparathyroidism percentages were, respectively, 51.06% and 6.38%. iPTH level 24 h after the procedure was the most reliable predictor of post-thyroidectomy temporary hypoparathyroidism (Area Under the ROC Curve (AUC) = 0.933, p < .001). iPTH levels ​​≥29 pg/mL predicted normal parathyroid metabolism. CONCLUSIONS: The combined values of iPTH and Ca levels 24 h after thyroidectomy seems to be a reliable, safe and efficient method to control the post-thyroidectomy hypoparathyroidism. Our protocol could reduce the hospital stay of patients at low risk of hypocalcaemia, allowing them to be discharged from the hospital on the first postoperative morning and identifying patients at high risk of hypocalcaemia early.

Evaluation of an early detection protocol, intensive treatment and control of post-surgical hypoparathyroidism in the first month after total thyroidectomy.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Hypoparathyroidism is the most common complication of total thyroidectomy and usually requires monitoring of calcaemia, whereby it is one of the factors that most contributes to hospital stay. The objective of the study is to evaluate the clinical usefulness of the application of our protocol for early detection, intensive treatment and control of hypoparathyroidism in the first month after thyroidectomy. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Retrospective observational cross-sectional study of 79 patients who underwent total thyroidectomy in whom parathormone (PTH) and calcemia determinations were performed at 6-8 h and 18-24 h post-surgery. When the PTH value was lower than inferior limit of the reference (15 pg/ml), oral treatment was started with 1000 mg of calcium and 0.25 µg of calcitriol every 8 h followed by calcemia controls. RESULTS: Twenty-six cases (32.9%) of normocalcemic hypoparathyroidism were detected in whom treatment prevented their progression to hypocalcaemia, except for 3 cases that had an episode of mild asymptomatic hypocalcaemia. There were no cases of moderate/severe hypocalcaemia and only one case of asymptomatic mild hypercalcaemia. There were no readmissions due to calcium abnormalities. No case with PTH > 15 pg/ml had hypocalcaemia. The protocol allowed a hospital stay of 24 h. The prevalence of permanent hypoparathyroidism was 5.1%. CONCLUSIONS: The application of our protocol during the first month after thyroidectomy is very useful because it avoids the appearance of moderate/severe hypocalcaemia and hypercalcaemia, allows a short hospital stay and is associated with a low prevalence of permanent hypoparathyroidism.

Tiroidectomía endoscópica transoral por vía vestibular: resultados de los 53 primeros casos / Transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy vestibular approach: Results after 53 first cases

Introducción: La tiroidectomía endoscópica transoral por vía vestibular permite el acceso al tiroides sin cicatrices visibles y con el mejor resultado cosmético posible. Métodos: Estudio observacional prospectivo de 53 pacientes sometidos a tiroidectomía endoscópica transoral desde julio de 2017 hasta junio de 2021. Resultados: Cincuenta y dos casos (98,1%) fueron mujeres con una mediana de edad de 44 años. El nódulo tiroideo fue la indicación quirúrgica más frecuente (73,6%). Se realizaron 42 lobectomías,11 tiroidectomías totales y en 4 casos se asoció vaciamiento ganglionar del compartimento central izquierdo. La mediana de tiempo para la colocación de trócares fue de 14min, y para la lobectomía, la tiroidectomía total y el vaciamiento ganglionar del compartimento central izquierdo, de 80, 140 y 30min, respectivamente. La mediana de estancia hospitalaria fue de 2 días. Cuatro pacientes presentaron disfonía (7,5%), pero la laringoscopia solo confirmó lesión del recurrente en 2 casos, una de ellas permanente (1,6%). En los pacientes con tiroidectomía total la frecuencia de hipoparatiroidismo transitorio fue del 18,2% y el permanente de 0%. Dentro de las complicaciones asociadas al abordaje, en todos los pacientes se presentó anestesia de la región mentoniana transitoria y de intensidad variable. Conclusiones: La cirugía transoral es un abordaje de aplicación reciente en nuestra unidad. Los resultados en nuestros primeros pacientes muestran que es un abordaje eficaz y seguro cuando se realiza en pacientes bien seleccionados, con el mejor resultado cosmético y con complicaciones nuevas, asociadas al abordaje, transitorias en nuestra serie. (AU)

Introduction: Transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy through vestibular approach allows access to the thyroid with the best cosmetic results as there are no visible scars. Methods: Here we present a prospective observational study of 53 patients which underwent transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy from July 2017 to June 2021. Results: Fifty-two cases (98.1%) were women (median age 44 years old). Thyroid nodule was the main surgical indication accounting 73.6% of cases. We performed 42 lobectomies and 11 total thyroidectomies; 4 left central neck dissection were also associated. The median surgical time for port placement was 14min, and for lobectomy, total thyroidectomy and left central neck dissection were 80, 140 and 30min, respectively. The median of hospital stay was 2 days. Dysphonia was present in 4 patients (7.5%); however, laryngoscopy only confirmed laryngeal nerve impairment in 2 cases, one of them classified as permanent (1.6%). In those patients that underwent total thyroidectomy, the rate of transient hypoparathyroidism was 18.2% whereas permanent was 0%. Regarding complications associated to the new approach, transient chin numbness appeared in all patients with a variable degree of intensity. Conclusions: Transoral surgery is a recent approach in our unit. Our results, based on the first 53 patients, show that it is a safe and effective approach when performed in appropriately selected patients offering the best cosmetic result. Besides, new complications associated to the approach has been shown to be transient. (AU)

Tiroidectomía endoscópica transoral por vía vestibular: resultados de los 53 primeros casos / Transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy vestibular approach: Results after 53 first cases

Introducción: La tiroidectomía endoscópica transoral por vía vestibular permite el acceso al tiroides sin cicatrices visibles y con el mejor resultado cosmético posible. Métodos: Estudio observacional prospectivo de 53 pacientes sometidos a tiroidectomía endoscópica transoral desde julio de 2017 hasta junio de 2021. Resultados: Cincuenta y dos casos (98,1%) fueron mujeres con una mediana de edad de 44 años. El nódulo tiroideo fue la indicación quirúrgica más frecuente (73,6%). Se realizaron 42 lobectomías,11 tiroidectomías totales y en 4 casos se asoció vaciamiento ganglionar del compartimento central izquierdo. La mediana de tiempo para la colocación de trócares fue de 14min, y para la lobectomía, la tiroidectomía total y el vaciamiento ganglionar del compartimento central izquierdo, de 80, 140 y 30min, respectivamente. La mediana de estancia hospitalaria fue de 2 días. Cuatro pacientes presentaron disfonía (7,5%), pero la laringoscopia solo confirmó lesión del recurrente en 2 casos, una de ellas permanente (1,6%). En los pacientes con tiroidectomía total la frecuencia de hipoparatiroidismo transitorio fue del 18,2% y el permanente de 0%. Dentro de las complicaciones asociadas al abordaje, en todos los pacientes se presentó anestesia de la región mentoniana transitoria y de intensidad variable. Conclusiones: La cirugía transoral es un abordaje de aplicación reciente en nuestra unidad. Los resultados en nuestros primeros pacientes muestran que es un abordaje eficaz y seguro cuando se realiza en pacientes bien seleccionados, con el mejor resultado cosmético y con complicaciones nuevas, asociadas al abordaje, transitorias en nuestra serie. (AU)

Introduction: Transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy through vestibular approach allows access to the thyroid with the best cosmetic results as there are no visible scars. Methods: Here we present a prospective observational study of 53 patients which underwent transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy from July 2017 to June 2021. Results: Fifty-two cases (98.1%) were women (median age 44 years old). Thyroid nodule was the main surgical indication accounting 73.6% of cases. We performed 42 lobectomies and 11 total thyroidectomies; 4 left central neck dissection were also associated. The median surgical time for port placement was 14min, and for lobectomy, total thyroidectomy and left central neck dissection were 80, 140 and 30min, respectively. The median of hospital stay was 2 days. Dysphonia was present in 4 patients (7.5%); however, laryngoscopy only confirmed laryngeal nerve impairment in 2 cases, one of them classified as permanent (1.6%). In those patients that underwent total thyroidectomy, the rate of transient hypoparathyroidism was 18.2% whereas permanent was 0%. Regarding complications associated to the new approach, transient chin numbness appeared in all patients with a variable degree of intensity. Conclusions: Transoral surgery is a recent approach in our unit. Our results, based on the first 53 patients, show that it is a safe and effective approach when performed in appropriately selected patients offering the best cosmetic result. Besides, new complications associated to the approach has been shown to be transient. (AU)

Transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy vestibular approach: Results after 53 first cases.

INTRODUCTION: Trans Oral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy through Vestibular Approach (TOETVA) allows access to the thyroid with the best cosmetic results as there are no visible scars. METHODS: Here we present a prospective observational study of 53 patients which underwent TOETVA from July 2017 to June 2021. RESULTS: Fifty-two cases (98.1%) cases were women (median age 44 years old). Thyroid nodule was the main surgical indication accounting 73.6% of cases. We performed 42 lobectomies and 11 total thyroidectomies; 4 left Central Neck Dissection (CND) were also associated. The median surgical time for port placement was 14 min and for lobectomy, total thyroidectomy and left CND were 80, 140 and 30 min, respectively. The median of hospital stay was 2 days. Dysphonia was present in 4 patients; however, laryngoscopy only confirmed laryngeal nerve impairment in 2 cases, one of them classified as permanent (1.6%). In those patients that underwent total thyroidectomy, the rate of transient hypoparathyroidism was 18.2% whereas permanent was 0%. Regarding complications associated to the new approach, transient chin numbness appeared in all patients with a variable degree of intensity. CONCLUSTIONS: Transoral surgery is a recent approach in our Unit. Our results, based on the first 53 patients, show that it is a safe and effective approach when performed in appropriately selected patients offering the best cosmetic result. Besides, new complications associated to the approach has been shown to be transient.

Síndromes poliglandulares autoimunes: uma revisão geral em busca novas evidências / Autoimmune polyglandular syndromes: a general review in search of new evidence / Síndromes poliglandulares autoinmunes: una visión general de la búsqueda de nuevas evidencias

As Síndromes Poliglandulares Autoimunes (SPA) são consideradas endocrinopatias raras em que ocorrem alterações autoimunes nas glândulas endócrinas, acompanhadas de outras doenças não endócrinas. Tendo em vista a complexidade de associações em cada subtipo, suas particularidades e gênese dos mecanismos envolvidos, este artigo busca, através de uma meta-analise, equacionar seus aspectos descritivos mais atuais e importantes para a prática clínica. As SPA podem ser classificadas nos tipos I, II, III e IV de acordo com a idade de início e os órgãos afetados. Interações complexas entre fatores genéticos, epigenéticos e ambientais provavelmente contribuem para o desenvolvimento dessas síndromes, que idealmente devem ser diagnosticadas em estágios iniciais, dada a sua alta morbidade e mortalidade. O tratamento adequado de cada uma das alterações é essencial para preservar a qualidade de vida dos pacientes.

Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndromes (APS) are considered rare endocrinopathies characterized by autoimmune alterations in the endocrine glands, accompanied by other non-endocrine diseases. Bearing in mind the complexity of associations in each subtype, its particularities and the genesis of the mechanisms involved, this article seeks, through meta-analysis, to equate its most current and important descriptive aspects for clinical practice. APS can be classified into types I, II, III and IV according to age of onset and affected organs. Complex interactions between genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors likely contribute to the development of these syndromes, which ideally should be diagnosed at an early stage, given their high morbidity and mortality. Appropriate treatment of each of the alterations is essential to preserve the quality of life of patients.

Los Síndromes Polilandulares Autoinmunes (SPA) se consideran endocrinopatías raras en las que se producen cambios autoinmunes en las glándulas endocrinas, acompañadas de otras enfermedades no endocrinas. En vista de la complejidad de las asociaciones en cada subtipo, sus particularidades y la génesis de los mecanismos involucrados, este artículo busca, a través de un metaanálisis, considerar sus aspectos descriptivos más actualizados e importantes para la práctica clínica. Las ZEPA podrán clasificarse en los tipos I, II, III y IV según la edad de inicio y los órganos afectados. Las complejas interacciones entre los factores genéticos, epigenéticos y ambientales probablemente contribuyan al desarrollo de estos síndromes, que idealmente deberían ser diagnosticados en etapas tempranas, dada su alta morbilidad y mortalidad. El tratamiento adecuado de cada cambio es esencial para preservar la calidad de vida de los pacientes.

Risk factors for hypocalcemia after total thyroidectomy.

BACKGROUND: Hypocalcemia is a common complication of total thyroidectomy; transient hypocalcemia has been reported in up to 68% of the patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Chart review of all patients undergoing total thyroidectomy from 2016 to 2020. Clinical, biochemical, and pathological information was registered. We sought correlations between the different variables and the occurrence of post-operative hypocalcemia. This is a retrospective study carried out at a tertiary care teaching hospital. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to ascertain the incidence of hypocalcemia after thyroidectomy and to establish potential clinical and pathological risk factors for its development. RESULTS: Three hundred and thirty-seven patients were included in this study (78% female), with a median age of 47 years. The majority (75%) harbored thyroid neoplasms. Post-operative hypocalcemia developed in 43 patients (12.7%). On bivariate analysis, the most significant risk factor was an intraoperative injury of the parathyroid glands (OR = 2.49, 95% CI = 1.11-5.59), followed by a surgical time > 2.5 h (OR = 2.0, 95% CI = 1.03-4.19), concomitant lymph node dissection (OR = 2.45, 95% CI = 1.2-4.9), and placement of drains (OR = 2.40, 95% CI = 1.19-4.87). Only parathyroid injury remained statistically significant on multivariable analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The most significant risk factor for the development of post-operative hypocalcemia after thyroidectomy is injury of the parathyroid glands, which is usually noticed by the surgeon.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La hipocalcemia es una complicación común después de una tiroidectomía; la hipocalcemia transitoria ha sido reportada hasta en el 68% de los pacientes posoperados. MATERIALS Y MÉTODOS: Revisión de expedientes de pacientes a los cuales se les realizo una tiroidectomía total entre el 2016 y 2020. La información clínica, bioquímica y patológica fue recopilada. Se busco una correlación entre las variables y el desarrollo de hipocalcemia. Es un estudio retrospectivo en un hospital escuela de atención terciaria. OBJETIVOS: Determinar la incidencia de hipocalcemia pos-tiroidectomía y establecer posibles factores de riesgo clínicos y patológicos para desarrollarlo. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 337 pacientes en este estudio (78% mujeres), con edad media de 47 años. La mayoría (75%) presentaron neoplasias tiroideas. Cuarenta y tres pacientes desarrollaron hipocalcemia (12.7%). En el análisis bivariado el factor de riesgo mas importante fue la lesión de paratiroides (RM = 2.49, IC95% = 1.11-5.59), seguido por un tiempo quirúrgico > 2.5 horas (RM = 2.0, IC 95% = 1.03­4.19), disección linfática (RM = 2.45, IC95% = 1.2-4.9) y la colocación de drenajes (RM = 2.40, IC95% = 1.19-4.87). Únicamente la lesión de paratiroides mantuvo significancia en el análisis multivariado. CONCLUSIONES: La lesión de paratiroides es el factor de riesgo mas grande para desarrollar hipocalcemia y generalmente es identificado por el cirujano.

Teriparatida en el tratamiento sustitutivo del hipoparatiroidismo crónico. A propósito de un caso / Teriparatide in the substitutive treatment of chronic hypoparathyroidism. A case report

Objetivo: Comunicar la experiencia del uso de teriparatida como tratamiento sustitutivo eficaz para el hipoparatiroidismo crónico.Material y métodos: Se plantea el caso clínico de un paciente con hipoparatiroidismo crónico postquirúrgico que presentaba previamente difícil control con el tratamiento convencional (sales de calcio y calcitriol) por lo que se inició teriparatida como tratamiento sustitutivo.Resultados: El paciente presentó valores analíticos del metabolismo fosfocálcico compatibles con la normalidad a partir de la 4º semana de tratamiento con teriparatida, permitiendo la suspensión de los tratamientos previos y manteniendo un buen control pasado un año del cambio de terapia.Conclusiones: Teriparatida es una opción eficaz para el tratamiento del hipoparatiroidismo crónico. Hemos observado una fase de latencia hasta iniciarse el efecto hormonal por lo que recomendamos monitorización analítica frecuente y desescalar gradualmente el tratamiento con calcitriol y sales de calcio para un adecuado control. (AU)

Predictores de hipocalcemia postquirúrgica tras tiroidectomía total / Predictors of post-surgical hypocalcaemia following total thyroidectomy

Introducción y objetivo: Dado el número creciente de cirugía de tiroides, la incidencia de hipoparatiroidismo postquirúrgico está en aumento. La frecuencia de la hipocalcemia por hipoparatiroidismo tras tiroidectomía total es muy variable según la literatura (0,3-68%). El objetivo principal del presente estudio es analizar los factores bioquímicos, quirúrgicos y demográficos relacionados con un mayor riesgo de hipocalcemia.Metodología: Se trata de un estudio retrospectivo, sobre un total de 297 pacientes intervenidos de tiroidectomía total en un periodo de 8 años en un hospital terciario. Se analizan datos demográficos, clínicos y bioquímicos, tanto preoperatorios, intraoperatorios como postoperatorios y su relación con la hipocalcemia postquirúrgica.Resultados: La tasa de hipocalcemia total fue de 40,2%, siendo transitoria en el 26,1%.Fueron variables estadísticamente significativas la edad (p=0,04), la enfermedad de Graves (p=0,04), el carcinoma confirmado por anatomía patológica (p=0,04), la tiroidectomía en dos tiempos (p=0,00), el número de paratiroides trasplantadas (p=0,00) y la PTH pre y post –operatorias (p=0,03 y p=0,00) y el gradiente de PTH (p=0,00).Conclusiones: Este estudio demuestra que hay una serie de factores de riesgo intrínsecos al paciente y al acto quirúrgico capaces de predecir el riesgo de hipocalcemia tras la tiroidectomía total. Posiblemente, la optimización de la técnica quirúrgica podría evitar la aparición de hipocalcemia tras la tiroidectomía total en algunos casos, mientras que en otros, la identificación de dichos factores en el postoperatorio podría permitir la detección temprana y el tratamiento eficaz de estos pacientes. En el presente estudio, la edad, la enfermedad de Graves y el autotrasplante de paratiroides se asociaron con hipocalcemia postquirúrgica; mientras que el carcinoma de tiroides y la tiroidectomía en dos tiempos fueron factores protectores. (AU)

Valor pronóstico de la parathormona postoperatoria de 24 horas en el manejo de la hipocalcemia tras tiroidectomía total en un hospital de Valencia durante 2012-2019

Introducción: La hipocalcemia por hipoparatiroidismo es la complicación más frecuente tras tiroidectomía total. Un factor predictor importante de hipocalcemia es la parathormona postoperatoria, pero el momento en el que otorga mejores resultados predictivos aún se discute. Objetivo: El objetivo es analizar el valor pronóstico de la parathormona postoperatoria a las 24 horas como indicador de hipocalcemia, en comparación con la seriación de los niveles de calcio. Metodología: Estudio observacional retrospectivo y descriptivo de 297 pacientes intervenidos de tiroidectomía total durante ocho años. Los pacientes fueron clasificados en tres grupos de riesgo según la parathormona postoperatoria (alto, medio y bajo riesgo). Para comparar la parathormona frente al calcio postoperatorio como predictor de hipocalcemia, se obtuvieron curvas ROC y áreas debajo de la curva. Resultados: El riesgo relativo de tener hipocalcemia con parathormona ≤15 pg/mL es de 353,4 (p = 0,00). La prueba de parathormona postoperatoria (≤15 pg/mL a las 24 h) obtuvo una sensibilidad del 96,25 % para la detección de hipocalcemia, especificidad del 94,06 % y precisión global del 95,03 %. El grupo de alto riesgo (parathormona ≤15 pg/mL) concentra la mayoría de los pacientes con hipocalcemia, y abarca la totalidad de los casos permanentes. Conclusiones: La parathormona postoperatoria a las 24 horas de la tiroidectomía total es un test con un valor pronóstico considerable, capaz de predecir el riesgo de hipocalcemia postquirúrgica. Se encontró que los pacientes con parathormona >15 pg/mL pueden ser dados de alta de manera segura.

Introduction: Hypocalcemia due to hypoparathyroidism is the most frequent complication after total thyroidectomy. An important predictive factor of hypocalcaemia is postoperative parathormone (PTH), but the optimal time for testing PTH levels is under discussion. Objectives: The objective is to analyze the prognostic value of postoperative PTH at 24 hours as an indicator of hypocalcaemia, compared to serum calcium levels. Methodology: Descriptive retrospective observational study of 297 patients who underwent total thyroidectomy over an 8-year period. The patients were classified into 3 risk groups according to postoperative parathormone (high, medium and low risk). To compare parathormone versus postoperative calcium as a predictor of hypocalcemia, ROC curves and areas under the curve (AUC) were obtained. Results: The relative risk of having hypocalcemia with parathormone ≤ 15 pg/mL is 353.4 (p = 0.00). The postoperative parathormone test (≤ 15 pg / mL at 24h) obtained a sensitivity of 96.25% for the detection of hypocalcemia, specificity of 94.06% and global precision of 95.03%. The high-risk group (parathormone ≤ 15 pg/mL) accounts for the vast majority of patients with hypocalcemia and covers all permanent cases. Conclusions: Postoperative levels 24 hours after total thyroidectomy is a test with considerable prognostic value, capable of predicting the risk of postsurgical hypocalcemia. Patients with levels over > 15 pg/mL can be safely discharged.

Actualización en el tratamiento del hipoparatiroidismo posquirúrgico / Update on management of postoperative hypoparathyroidism

Introducción y objetivo: El hipoparatiroidismo posquirúrgico es una complicación frecuente de la cirugía tiroidea y paratiroidea, con consecuencias significativas sobre la salud y calidad de vida. El objetivo de esta revisión es proporcionar una visión actualizada de su prevención, detección precoz y tratamiento.Síntesis: Tras la tiroidectomía y paratiroidectomía puede aparecer hipoparatiroidismo de forma aguda, especialmente en algunos pacientes de alto riesgo. La determinación de la hormona paratiroidea intacta (PTHi) en el postoperatorio temprano es una herramienta útil en el manejo del paciente. Un nivel de PTHi postoperatoria <10-15 pg/ml, combinado con los niveles de calcemia 24 horas después de la cirugía, ofrece el mejor valor predictivo para hipocalcemia aguda. El hipoparatiroidismo permanente se asocia con morbilidad y deterioro de calidad de vida a largo plazo y debería prevenirse cuando sea posible. El tratamiento convencional incluye calcio oral y metabolitos activos de vitamina D. En caso de hipocalcemia severa o sintomática se precisa calcio intravenoso. El tratamiento debe monitorizarse e incluir educación sanitaria del paciente, para evitar amplias desviaciones de la calcemia. Sin embargo, con la terapia convencional mantener un adecuado control puede representar un desafío. (AU)

Introduction and objective: Surgical hypoparathyroidism is a common complication following thyroid and parathyroid surgery. It has significant consequences for health and quality of life. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of its prevention, early detection, and treatment. Synthesis: Acute hypoparathyroidism can occur after thyroidectomy and parathyroidectomy, especially in high-risk patients. Measurement of early postoperative intact parathyroid hormone (PTHi) can help guide patient management. A postoperative PTHi < 10-15 pg/ml combined with serum calcium assay testing 24 hours after surgery yielded the highest diagnostic accuracy for predicting acute hypocalcemia. Permanent hypoparathyroidism is associated with long-term morbidity and poor quality of life, and should be prevented whenever possible. Conventional treatment consist of oral calcium and active vitamin D analogs. For more severe or symptomatic hypocalcemia it is necessary intravenous calcium. Treatment require monitoring and patient education to avoid wide swings in serum calcium. However, with standard therapy, maintaining an adequate control often presents a therapeutic challenge. Recombinant human parathyroid hormone (rhPTH) replacement can lower the doses of calcium and active vitamin D analogs required, while maintaining serum calcium and phosphate levels within the recommended therapeutic ranges. It may improve bone metabo-lism and quality of life on the long term. Additional data on safety and efficacy are needed. Conclusions: Postoperative hypoparathyroidism is common. It requires early diagnosis, pharmacologic intervention and patient education to achieve optimal control and lower the risk of long-term complications. rhPTH seems to be an effective option for those patients who do not stably mantein their calcium in the target range. (AU)

Hipoparatiroidismo en el niño / Hypoparathyroidism in the child

El hipoparatiroidismo está causado por la falta de secreción de hormona paratiroidea (PTH), bien por alteración de su síntesis y secreción por parte de las glándulas paratiroides o por alteración en el estímulo para su secreción por fallo en el receptor sensible al calcio (CaSR). Su etiología y manifestaciones clínicas son variables en función de la edad del paciente. El tratamiento va dirigido a mantener los niveles de calcemia dentro del rango normal-bajo para evitar el riesgo de nefrocalcinosis derivado del uso de dosis excesivas de calcio y vitamina D. En esta revisión, nos centramos en las peculiaridades de esta entidad en la edad pediátrica. (AU)

Hipoparathyroidism occurs when parathyroid hormone (PTH) is insufficient because of destruction of the parathyroid glands, abnormal parathyroid gland development or altered regulation of PTH production through calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR). Etiology and clinical features depend on the age of the patient. The goals of therapy are to maintain the serum calcium concentration in the low- normal range to prevent iatrogenic development of kidney stones. In this review, we will pay attention to the peculiriaties in the pediatric age. (AU)

Guide of management of alterations in mineral and bone metabolism during gestation and lactation.

OBJECTIVE: To provide practical recommendations for the management of mineral and bone metabolism alterations in pregnancy and lactation. PARTICIPANTS: Members of the Working Group on Osteoporosis and Mineral Metabolism of the Spanish Society of Endocrinology and Nutrition. METHODS: Recommendations were formulated according to the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) system to describe both the strength of recommendations and the quality of evidence. A systematic search was carried out in Medline of the available evidence for each pathology. Papers in English with publication date until 29 February 2020 were included. A methodologist resolved the differences that arose during the process of reviewing the literature and formulating recommendations. The recommendations were discussed and approved by all members of the Working Group. CONCLUSIONS: The document establishes practical recommendations based on evidence about the management of mineral and bone metabolism disorders in pregnancy and lactation.

Tratamiento del hipoparatiroidismo postquirúrgico permanente, servicio endocrinología, Centro Médico Nacional 20 de noviembre, México 2020 / Permanent post-surgical hypoparathyroidism treatment response, outpatient consultation Endocrinology Service, ISSSTE, 2020

El hipoparatiroidismo postquirúrgico se caracteriza por hipocalcemia, hiperfosfatemia, e hipercalciuria, secundarios a concentraciones bajas de la hormona paratiroidea. La prevalencia en Estados Unidos es 23-37 casos/100.000 años-persona. Tras la cirugía de cuello ocurre como complicación en 78% de los casos; 75% resuelve espontáneamente en los primeros 6 meses y en el 25% restante es permanente. El tratamiento requiere administrar calcio oral y análogos de vitamina D (calcitriol y alfacalcidol) de forma crónica; en casos complicados se puede emplear calcio intravenoso en el postquirúrgico inmediato y mediato; algunos pacientes no responden a la terapia estándar. Objetivo: describir las características clínicas y la respuesta al tratamiento médico en pacientes con hipoparatiroidismo postquirúrgico permanente. Material y métodos: estudio descriptivo, transversal, con componente analítico mediante revisión de expedientes clínicos de pacientes que asistieron a la consulta externa del Servicio de Endocrinología del Centro Médico Nacional 20 de Noviembre; universo 88 expedientes, muestra por conveniencia 55 expedientes. Resultados: 35(63.6%) pacientes alcanzaron control óptimo de tratamiento a dosis de calcio elemental de 5.7-9.79g/24h (p= 0.0001 chi cuadrado), mostrando calcio sérico promedio 8.36 0.55 mg/dl y calcitriol con mediana de 0.5µg/24 h. 15(27.2%) pacientes presentaron efectos secundarios al uso de calcio oral, 3 de ellos requirieron manejo con Hormona Paratiroidea Recombinante Humana para alcanzar control óptimo. Conclusión: el calcio elemental por vía oral continúa siendo la piedra angular en el tratamiento del hipoparatiroidismo post quirúrgico permanente, con pocos efectos adversos. Se recomiendan más estudios aleatorizados para identificar las características de los pacientes candidatos al manejo con Hormona Paratiroidea Recombinante Humana...(AU)

Hypoparathyroidism after thyroidectomy: A 20-year experience at a children's hospital.

INTRODUCTION: Hypoparathyroidism (HP) is the most common complication of total thyroidectomy and can be an emergency. OBJECTIVES: To describe the prevalence of HP after total thyroidectomy in children under 14 years of age, the variables related to its appearance and its clinical expression. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospective study at a children's hospital in the last 20 years. HP was defined by the need to supplement calcium after the intervention and was considered permanent if it could not be suspended within 12 months. Fisher's statistical method of comparison of proportions. RESULTS: Thirty-nine children and adolescents (26 females) with an age range of 3.67-14.00 years. In 25 patients, the intervention was prophylactic and in 14 it was therapeutic; 14 suffered accidental excision of some parathyroid gland, but none more than two of them; 12 presented HP, of which 3 were permanent; 5 presented clinical symptoms; 1 of them was an emergency. The frequency of HP was 4/4 when 2 parathyroids were dissected, 2/10 when one was dissected, and 6/25 when none were dissected (p = 0.02). In the prophylactic interventions, it was 6/25 compared to 6/14 in the therapeutic ones (p = 0.29). The three cases of permanent HP were in children under 6 years of age, and it did not occur in any older children (p = 0.09). CONCLUSIONS: HP is a common and sometimes serious complication in children after total thyroidectomy. It can occur, and even be permanent, even if the intervention is prophylactic and parathyroid glands remain in situ. Younger age could be a risk factor.

Incidencia de hipocalcemia e hipoparatiroidismo en cirugías de cuello / Hypocalcaemia and hypoparathyroidism' incidence in neck surgeries

INTRODUCCIÓN: el hipoparatiroidismo es la alteración causada por hipofunción de las glándulas paratiroides y la causa más común es la posquirúrgica. OBJETIVO: conocer la incidencia de hipocalcemia dentro de las 72 horas del postoperatorio y de hipoparatiroidismo permanente de tiroidectomías en nueve años. SUJETOS Y MÉTODO: estudio observacional, descriptivo y retrospectivo de pacientes con tiroidectomías entre enero de 2011 y diciembre de 2019 en el Hospital de Clínicas. Se dividió la muestra por grupos etarios, se consideró hipocalcemia a valores ≤8,5 mg/dl e hipoparatiroidismo permanente cuando persistían por lo menos un año luego de cirugía. RESULTADOS: fueron 202 pacientes, 182 mujeres y 20 hombres, media de edad ± ES para mujeres 47.3±1.2 años y para hombres 55.1±3.4. El 61,5% presentó hipocalcemia en las primeras 72 horas del postoperatorio: 60,2% de mujeres y 71,4% de hombres (p=0.42). El 79% fueron hipocalcemias asintomáticas, 7,5% tuvo síntomas y 13,5% sin datos. El signo de Trousseau fue negativo 68% y positivo en 9%. Respecto a la patología hubo 107 resultados benignos, 94 malignos. CONCLUSIONES: el 90% fueron mujeres, 6 de cada 10 presentaron hipocalcemia en las primeras 72hs, en la gran mayoría fueron asintomáticas y tuvieron signo de Trousseau negativo. No hubo correlación entre hipocalcemia con edad, sexo, duración o tiempo de la cirugía, ni resultado de patología. La incidencia de hipoparatiroidismo transitorio fue 75,7% y permanente 7,3%. Cuando no hubo hipoparatiroidismo transitorio tampoco hubo hipoparatiroidismo permanente.

INTRODUCTION: hypoparathyroidism is the alteration caused by hypofunction of the parathyroid glands and the most common cause is post-surgery. OBJECTIVE: to know the incidence of hypocalcaemia within 72 hours of the postoperative period and of permanent hypoparathyroidism of thyroidectomies in nine years. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: observational, descriptive and retrospective study of patients with thyroidectomies between January 2011 and December 2019 at Clinical's Hospital. The sample was divided by age groups, hypocalcemia was considered at values ≤8.5 mg/dl and permanent hypoparathyroidism when they persisted for at least one year after surgery. RESULTS: there were 202 patients, 182 women and 20 men, mean age ± SE for women 47.3±1.2 years and for men 55.1±3.4. 61.5% presented hypocalcaemia in the first 72 hours after surgery: 60.2% of women and 71.4% of men (p=0.42). 79% were asymptomatic hypocalcemia, 7.5% had symptoms and 13.5% without data. Trousseau's sign was negative in 68% and positive in 9%. Regarding the pathology, there were 107 benign results, 94 malignant. CONCLUSIONS: 90% were women, 6 out of 10 presented hypocalcemia in the first 72 hours, the vast majority were asymptomatic and had a negative Trousseau sign. There was no correlation between hypocalcaemia with age, sex, duration or time of surgery, or pathology result. The incidence of transient hypoparathyroidism was 75.7% and permanent 7.3%. When there was no transient hypoparathyroidism, there was also no permanent hypoparathyroidism.

Síndrome de Fahr y síndrome poliglandular tipo 4 en un paciente con secreción inadecuada de hormona antidiurética

Mujer de 73 años con antecedente de epilepsia, deterioro cognitivo, rigidez y movimientos involuntarios. Ingresó por emergencia con cuadro de desorientación y dificultad del habla. La TEM cerebral mostró calcificaciones en los ganglios basales y hemisferios cerebelosos sugerentes de síndrome de Fahr. Se demostró un hipoparatiroidismo primario más enfermedad tiroidea autoinmune con una hiponatremia hipotónica euvolémica y sin alteración de otros ejes hipofisiarios. Se hizo el diagnóstico de síndrome poliglandular autoinmune tipo 4; además, el dosaje de ADH confirmó el diagnóstico de síndrome de secreción inadecuada de hormona antidiurética. Se administró calcio endovenoso, suplementos de vitamina D y calcitriol, con mejoría clínica neurológica importante.

Recovery of parathyroid function in patients with thyroid cancer treated by total thyroidectomy: An analysis of 685 patients with hypoparathyroidism at discharge of surgery.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to study the predictive factors for recovery of parathyroid function in hypoparathyroid patients after total thyroidectomy for thyroid cancer. METHODS: We designed a retrospective, multicentre and nation-wide analysis of patients with total thyroidectomy who were seen in twenty endocrinology departments from January to March 2018. We selected patients with histologically proven thyroid cancer and retrieved information related to surgical procedure and thyroid cancer features. Survival analysis and Cox regression analysis were used to study the relationship between these variables and the recovery of parathyroid function. RESULTS: From 685 patients with hypoparathyroidism at discharge of surgery, 495 (72.3%) recovered parathyroid function over time. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that this recovery was significantly related to the presence of specialized surgical team (P<0.001), identification of parathyroid glands at surgery (P<0.001), papillary histopathology (P=0.040), and higher levels of postoperative calcium (Ca) (P<0.001) and parathyroid hormone (PTH) (P<0.001). Subjects with gross extrathyroidal extension (P=0.040), lymph node metastases (P=0.004), and surgical re-intervention after initial surgery (P=0.024) exhibited a significant risk of persistence of hypoparathyroidism. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that the significant and independent factors for recovery of parathyroid function were postoperative concentrations of Ca (P=0.038) and PTH (P=0.049). The presence of lymph node metastases was a negative predictor of recuperation of parathyroid function (P=0.042) in this analysis. CONCLUSION: In patients with thyroid cancer, recovery of parathyroid function after total thyroidectomy was directly related to postoperative Ca and PTH concentrations, and inversely related to lymph node metastases.

Characteristics of patients with chronic hypoparathyroidism not adequately controlled with conventional treatment and management patterns in Spain.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The current guidelines on hypoparathyroidism offer a model for treating patients but do not cover real-world situations or patient diversity. Given the lack of data regarding hypoparathyroidism, a Delphi panel was convened in Spain to establish consensus in defining the characteristics of patients with chronic hypoparathyroidism not adequately controlled with conventional treatment, as well as to investigate patterns of management. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A presentation matrix provided a framework for characterizing inadequately controlled chronic hypoparathyroidism, based on four predefined patient groups: group 1 (normal biochemical levels and the patient feeling well); group 2 (abnormal biochemical levels and the patient feeling well); group 3 (normal biochemical levels and the patient feeling unwell); and group 4 (abnormal biochemical levels and the patient feeling unwell). Based on Likert scales (scored 1-9), the experts were asked to state their agreement/disagreement with the characteristics of patients with chronic hypoparathyroidism, including demographic data, family history, comorbidities, biochemical values, symptoms and quality of life. Consensus was achieved when ≥66% of the respondents were in agreement. RESULTS: Consensus was achieved on the importance of assessing demographic data and comorbidities (e.g., renal complications) in groups 2, 3 and 4; family medical history in groups 2 and 3; biochemical parameters (e.g., calcemia/urinary calcium excretion) in groups 2 and 4; and clinical symptoms and quality of life in groups 3 and 4. Consensus was also reached regarding the maintenance of several biochemical parameters and the need for personalized treatment and training in symptoms and complications. CONCLUSIONS: The Spanish expert panel reached consensus defining key disease parameters and factors of importance for characterizing and treating patients with inadequately controlled chronic hypoparathyroidism.